Industrial measurement and instrumentation guides
The old WordPress library has been consolidated into a smaller set of stronger pages, each covering a distinct measurement-system role.
How industrial measurement systems work
The complete chain from physical variable to control-system value.
Sensors and transmitters
Sensing elements, transducers, transmitters, range and span.
4–20 mA, HART and signals
Analog loops, live zero and smart-device communication.
Calibration and traceability
Calibration vs adjustment, as-found/as-left and traceability.
Accuracy and uncertainty
Error, uncertainty, repeatability, resolution and tolerance.
Pressure measurement
Gauge, absolute and differential pressure.
Temperature measurement
RTDs, thermocouples, transmitters and response.
Flow measurement
DP, magnetic, Coriolis, vortex and ultrasonic flow.
Level measurement
Hydrostatic, radar, ultrasonic and point level.
Analytical instrumentation
pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen and sampling.
Signal conditioning and DAQ
Filtering, isolation, sampling, ADC and timestamps.
Control valves and final elements
Actuators, positioners and the final part of a control loop.
Tags, symbols and P&IDs
ISA-5.1 identifiers, drawings and loop documentation.
HART and networked instruments
Device communication, WirelessHART and diagnostics.
Maintenance and diagnostics
A systematic measurement-chain troubleshooting strategy.
Safety instrumented systems overview
High-level IEC 61511 context and safety boundaries.
Measurement data integrity
Scaling, units, timestamps, status and historian quality.
Vibration and condition monitoring
Dynamic measurements, trends and spectra.